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1 Carmona, António Óscar de Fragoso
(1869-1951)Career army officer, one of the founders of the Estado Novo (1926-74), and the longest-serving president of the republic of that regime (1926-51). Born in Lisbon in 1869, the son of a career cavalry officer, Oscar Carmona entered the army in 1888 and became a lieutenant in 1894, in the same cavalry regiment in which his father had served. He rose rapidly, and became a general during the turbulent First Republic, briefly served as minister of war in 1923, and achieved public notoriety as prosecutor for the military in one of the famous trials of military personnel in an abortive 1925 coup. General Carmona was one of the key supporters of the 28 May 1926 military coup that overthrew the unstable republic and established the initially unstable military dictatorship (1926-33), which was the political system that founded the Estado Novo (1933-74).Carmona took power as president upon the ousting of the Twenty-eighth of May coup leader, General Gomes da Costa, and guided the military dictatorship through political and economic uncertainty until the regime settled upon empowering Antônio de Oliveira Salazar with extraordinary fiscal authority as minister of finance (April 1928). Elected in a managed election based on limited male suffrage in 1928, President Carmona served as the Dictatorship's president of the republic until his death in office in 1951 at age 81. In political creed a moderate republican not a monarchist, General (and later Marshal) Carmona played an essential role in the Dictatorship, which involved a division of labor between Dr. Salazar, who, as prime minister since July 1932 was responsible for the daily management of the government, and Carmona, who was responsible for managing civil-military relations in the system, maintaining smooth relations with Dr. Salazar, and keeping the armed forces officer corps in line and out of political intervention.Carmona's amiable personality and reputation for personal honesty, correctness, and hard work combined well with a friendly relationship with the civilian dictator Salazar. Especially in the period 1928-44, in his more vigorous years in the position, Carmona's role was vital in both the political and ceremonial aspects of his job. Car-mona's ability to balance the relationship with Salazar and the pressures and demands from a sometimes unhappy army officer corps that, following the civilianization of the regime in the early 1930s, could threaten military intervention in politics and government, was central to the operation of the regime.After 1944, however, Carmona was less effective in this role. His tiring ceremonial visits around Portugal, to the Atlantic Islands, and to the overseas empire became less frequent; younger generations of officers grew alienated from the regime; and Carmona suffered from the mental and physical ailments of old age. In the meantime, Salazar assumed the lion's share of political power and authority, all the while placing his own appointees in office. This, along with the regime's political police (PVDE or PIDE), Republican National Guard, and civil service, as well as a circle of political institutions that monopolized public office, privilege, and decision making, made Carmona's role as mediator-intermediary between the career military and the largely civilian-managed system significantly less important. Increasingly feeble and less aware of events around him, Carmona died in office in April 1951 and was replaced by Salazar's chosen appointee, General (and later Marshal) Francisco Craveiro Lopes, who was elected president of the republic in a regime-managed election.Historical dictionary of Portugal > Carmona, António Óscar de Fragoso
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2 Norton de Matos, José
(1867-1955)One of Portugal's most important and influential colonial administrators of the 20th-century African empire, a central figure in the management of Portugal's dispatch of an army to Flanders in World War I, and oppositionist candidate in the 1949 presidential elections. Trained as an army engineer, he attended Coimbra University and became a stalwart republican. During much of the 1890s, he served in Portuguese India, where he came under the influence of the style and policies of the British Raj. During the First Republic, he held a number of important posts in the empire and in Portugal: governor-general of Angola (1912-15), colonial minister (1915), and minister of war (1915-17), during which service he was instrumental in organizing the mobilization and dispatch of Portugal's Expeditionary Force (CEP) to the western front in 1917. Later, he served as high commissioner and governor-general of Angola (1921-24) and was named Portugal's minister to Great Britain (1924-26).Dismissed from his London post by the military dictatorship in 1926, Norton de Matos never held an official post again and, as he opposed both the military dictatorship and the Estado Novo, he found it difficult to practice his engineering profession while in retirement from the army. However, he remained important in post-1926 colonial policies and concepts, and attempted to put them into practice after 1945. In 1949, General Norton de Matos was the oppositionist candidate in the presidential elections and opposed the regime incumbent, Marshal Antônio Óscar Carmona. Using the law, police harassment, and other means, the Estado Novo persecuted Norton de Matos's followers and disrupted his campaign. Just before the rigged election was to be held, the aged general withdrew his candidacy, rightfully claiming fraud and intimidation. A tough if liberal reformist in colonial affairs, the senior colonial authority wrote his final book A Nação Una in 1953, calling for the regime to implement his basic reform ideas and to improve treatment of Africans in labor and race relations. Norton de Matos's prescient warnings about African policies were largely ignored, while Lisbon followed his key strategic and development concepts. -
3 Prime Ministers since 1926
ESTADO NOVO (SECOND REPUBLIC, 1926-1974)• José Mendes Cabeçadas (May-June 1926)• Manuel Gomes da Costa (June-July 1926)• Antonió Óscar de Fragoso Carmona (July 1926-January 1928)• Artur Ivens Ferraz (January1928-April 1928)• José Vicente de Freitas (April 1928-Nov. 1928)• José Vicente de Freitas (November 1928-July 1929)• Artur Ivens Ferraz (July 1929-January 1930)• Domingos da Costa Oliveira (January 1930-July 1932)• António de Oliveira Salazar (July 1932-September 1968)• Marcello Caetano (September 1968-April 1974)• Provisional Governments (1974-1976)• Adelino de Palma Carlos (May-July 1974)• Vasco Gonçalves (July 1974-September 1974)• Vasco Gonçalves (September 1974-March 1975)• Vasco Gonçalves (11 March -8 August 1975)• Vasco Gonçalves (8 August-19 September 1975)• Azevedo Pinheiro (19 September 1975-July 1976)• Constitutional Governments (1976-present)• Mário Soares (July 1976-January 1978)• Mário Soares (January 1978-August 1978)• Alfredo Nobre de Costa (August-November 1978)• Carlos Mota Pinto (November 1978-July 1979)• Maria de Lourdes Pintasilgo (July 1979-January 1980)• Francisco Sá Carneiro (January 1980-December 1980) (Sá Carneiro died in air crash 1 December 1980)• Francisco Pinto Balsemão (January 1981-September 1981)• Francisco Pinto Balsemão (September 1981-June 1983)• Mário Soares (June 1983-October 1985)• Aníbal Cavaco Silva (October 1985-July 1987)• Aníbal Cavaco Silva (July 1987-July 1991)• Aníbal Cavaco Silva (July 1991-October 1995)• António Guterres (October 1995-October 1999)• António Guterres (October 1999-March 2002)• José Durão Barroso (March 2002-July 2004)• Pedro Santana Lopes (July 2004-February 2005)• José Sócrates (February 2005-)Historical dictionary of Portugal > Prime Ministers since 1926
См. также в других словарях:
Carmona, António Oscar de Fragoso — born Nov. 24, 1869, Lisbon, Port. died April 18, 1951, Lisbon Portuguese general and politician. A career officer, he rose to the rank of general by 1922. He took part in the army coup of May 1926 and became premier later that year. He ruled as a … Universalium
Carmona, Antonio Óscar de Fragoso — ► (1869 1951) Militar y ministro de Estado portugués. En 1928 fue elegido presidente de la República, cargo que renovó en sucesivas reelecciones (1935, 1942 y 1949). * * * (24 nov. 1869, Lisboa, Portugal–18 abr. 1951, Lisboa). General y político… … Enciclopedia Universal
António Óscar de Fragoso Carmona — 11º presidente de la República Portuguesa … Wikipedia Español
António Óscar de Fragoso Carmona — [ɐ̃ˈtɔniw ˈɔʃkaɾ dɨ fɾɐˈɣozu kaɾˈmonɐ] (* 24. November 1869 in Lissabon; † 18. April 1951 ebenda) war von 1926 bis 1951 Präsident Portugals. Carmona wurde in der königlichen portugiesisch … Deutsch Wikipedia
António Oscar de Fragoso Carmona — General António Óscar de Fragoso Carmona [ɐ̃ˈtɔniw ˈɔʃkaɾ dɨ fɾɐˈɣozu kaɾˈmonɐ] (* 24. November 1869 in Lissabon; † 18. April 1951 ebenda) war von 1926 bis 1951 Präsident Portugals. Carmona wurde in der königlichen portugiesischen Militärakademie … Deutsch Wikipedia
António Óscar de Fragoso Carmona — (Lisboa, Portugal, 1869 – 18 de abril de 1951) fue un político y militar portugués, hijo y nieto de militares, fue el undécimo presidente de la República portuguesa (tercero de la Dictadura). Uno de los conspiradores del 28 de mayo, asumió el… … Enciclopedia Universal
Antonio Ginestal Machado — António Ginestal Machado (* 3. Mai 1874 in Almeida; † 28. Juni 1940 in Santarém) war ein portugiesischer Gymnasialprofessor, Politiker und Premierminister (Presidente do Conselho de Ministros) während der Ersten Republik. Inhaltsverzeichnis 1… … Deutsch Wikipedia
Carmona — es una ciudad de la provincia de Sevilla, (Andalucía, España), si bien existen algunas más repartidas por la geografía (Cantabria, Murcia, La Coruña) esta es la de más importancia en cuanto a tamaño, historia y otros factores sociales. Ubicación … Enciclopedia Universal
Carmona — (António óscar de Fragoso) (1869 1951) maréchal et homme politique portugais. Président de la Rép. de 1928 à 1951, il eut Salazar comme président du Conseil … Encyclopédie Universelle
Antonio Salazar — Salazar António de Oliveira Salazar [ɐ̃ˈtɔniw dɨ oliˈvɐjɾɐ sɐlɐˈzaɾ] anhören?/i (* 28. April 1889 in Santa Comba Dão; † 27. Juli 1970 in Lissab … Deutsch Wikipedia
Antonio de Oliveira Salazar — Salazar António de Oliveira Salazar [ɐ̃ˈtɔniw dɨ oliˈvɐjɾɐ sɐlɐˈzaɾ] anhören?/i (* 28. April 1889 in Santa Comba Dão; † 27. Juli 1970 in Lissab … Deutsch Wikipedia
